Airplane Crash Survival Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Airplane Crash Survival - Assignment Example This research will begin with the list of item collected. The pilot who was among the survivors instructed how to gather all items that had been left after the crush, and listed them down in the order of importance. The items were listed as follows; newspaper for starting fire, liquid lighter for lighting fire, small axe for cutting woods, can of coconut oil and large chocolate bars, which would provide food, a map and compass for direction, extra shirts and pants for the extreme weather. Additionally, large heavy-duty canvas for making a tent, red lipstick for marking the map, lastly the batteries and toothpaste for freshening. After the survival of the plane crush, the pilot stressed that they had to work as team in order to survive in the jungle. Their Primary objective was to survive the extremely cold and snowing weather whilst trying to find help. The author was tasked with the responsibility of fetching woods and setting up fire, while his teammates were tasked with erecting a tent using the large piece of canvas. The following day, their focus shifted to finding help. According to the map that they collected after plane crush, the nearest town was 20 km away. The team tasked the author with role of reading the map and the compass in locating the nearest town since he had some background knowledge in surveying and navigation, while his teammates cleared the bushy forest for their passage.... Concerning leadership, the activity exhibited the fundamental role of leadership in an organization. The presence of a leader, who was the pilot, ensured effective delegation of tasks and provision of guidance in attaining the set objective. The STAR team model The performance of the pilot, the team leader together with the activities of the team members can further be explained with the STAR team model. According to Maginn, the STAR team model seeks to identify what a team leader and team need to focus on. The model combines various teamwork theories such as those proposed in the Tuckman’s model, leadership theories, and theories relating to the surrounding of the team and teamwork (pg 155- 160). The STAR team model focuses on an individual’s strength with the objective to enable the individual attain his/her goals leading to happiness. Thus, the application of the model ensures teamwork, which results to flourishing of individual as they use and develop their strength s. In our activity, the pilot assigned tasks to each survivor based on his or her strengths, which ensured attainment of the set goal. The model also explained that coming together of individual strengths and teamwork creates natural flow of performance and results, which are rewarding to the team. Contribution of members to the outcome of the activity Though every member executed distinctive tasks, the tasks culminated into the success of the team. Specifically my contributions were collection of firewood and lighting of the night fire. I further ensured that the fire kept burning through the night to scare away wild beasts. In addition, my expertise in map and compass reading enabled the team to find the location of the nearest town. Shortcoming in the leadership and

School Self-Defense Opinion Paper Essay Example for Free

School Self-Defense Opinion Paper Essay I know that no two schools are the same. The rules may be similar, but they are not equal. However I believe that there should be one rule that should always be that same in all schools. The self-defense rule means that if a student or bully attacks another student or if that bully is harassing the victim, the victim can defend themselves without fear of suspension or expulsion. Most schools have the no tolerance rule, but that in my opinion harms students than helps. With the no tolerance in place a student can not protect himself or herself when being pursued by a bully. the bully can lie his way out of it. When the student is hit by a bully, he cat fight back and defend himself without fear of suspension or expulsion. The self defense rule is a much better choice, because the student can protect him or herself, the students can solve their own problems, and in the future they are better prepared for the real world. With the self defense rule in Grundy Center, students will be able to solve their own problems through a little fght. Back in the day when the staff was in school they did not have the no tolerance rule, and they turned out just fine. What would generally playout is that the bully would pick on the kid and hen the kid would probably get mad and retaliate. after a short fght the teachers would break up the fight and that would be the end of it. My dad told me ofa time when he was in school he was watching this bully pick on a kid and the kid got mad and punched the bully in the nose and broke it. The bully did not mess with the kid after that and the bully got suspended and the kid basically became a hero. Another example is that at my old school an ex-friend of mine was mad at me for something, so he decided to come up to me and punch me in the back of the head, in n instant from Just retaliating from a mysterious hit to the head I swing and hit him in the face and give him a black eye. Well as it turned out he got suspended for a week and I was not punished. After that me and the ex friend got along a little better but not close friends again. Also, me and a teammate got into a fght after school one day well, we did not get into trouble but it did help with the problem we had. Since that fght we have gotten along a lot more and we did not fght again. So in conclusion the self-defense rule can help the students a lot more than the no tolerance rule would. It will help the students learn to solve their own problems and take care of themselves without adult intervention. It also helps the students prepare for the world when they leave, if a student goes into the world believing that they should never ever get into a fght then when they get attacked in an alley or get into a situation that would require self-defense, they might Just get into a fetal position and hope they dont get killed. On the other hand if a student fights back when needed and they protect themself they have a greater chance of not getting hurt. School Self-Defense Opinion Paper By applegated96

Journalist Freedom Contempt

Journalist Freedom Contempt Journalist Freedom Contempt â€Å"The protection of a journalists source is of such vital importance for the exercise of his right to freedom of expression that it must, as a matter of course, never be allowed to be infringed upon, save perhaps in very exceptional circumstances† (Judge de Meyer, Goodwin v. UK, 1996). Consider whether section 10 of the Contempt of Court Act 1981, as judicially interpreted and applied, reflects the above position. This paper will look to effectively consider whether section 10 of the Contempt of Court Act 1981, as judicially interpreted and applied, reflects Justice Meyer’s view in Goodwin v. United Kingdom. Therefore, it will be necessary to outline what is meant by the ‘freedom of expression’ and section 10 of the Contempt of Court Act (‘CCA’) 1981, in the context of journalists and the protection of their sources, so as to determine their nature and scope. Then, following on this, it will be necessary to consider how the two interrelate and the problems with looking to recognise this relationship, before looking specifically at the decision in Goodwin v. United Kingdom, how the law has since developed, and how such matters have been dealt with in another jurisdiction, so as to effetively conclude upon this issue. Therefore, to begin with it is important to recognise the fact that, for any journalist, protecting the confidentiality of their sources is an integral part of their work because of the fact that they would be unable to carry out their jobs effectively without the trust of primary sources on the scene of some of the biggest news stories Accordingly, throughout the past two decades English courts have stressed the growing importance of freedom of expression and have become more willing to countenance the citation of authority from other jurisdictions Therefore, in some cases, English courts have even gone so far as to incorporate a statement of principle from First Amendment doctrine, as it is also widely understood the European human rights system generally supports journalists’ right to refuse to reveal their sources. This is effectively illustrated by the nature and scope of Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (‘ECHR’) 1950 that was effectively codified into our domestic legal system by the enactment of the Human Rights Act 1998. Accordingly, in keeping with their membership of the European Community as a whole UK domestic law also offers some form of protection for journalists and their sources before a court of law under section 10 of the Contempt of Court Act (‘CCA’) 1981. However, whilst section 10 of the CCA 1981 codifies the idea that there is not a court in the country that can require someone to disclose the source of information that is contained in the publication that they are responsible for, and nor are they guilty for refusing to do so, unless it is effectively established that disclosure is necessary in the view of the courts in the given circumstances, it is important to recognise the fact that this provision may not be keeping with Justice Meyer’s aforementioned view. Moreover, as several journalists have recognised, journalists can only appeal against an order for disclosure if they are personally party to litigation and, where this is allied with section 14 of the same Act it would seem that domestic law in this area is particularly stringent. However, it must be stressed that neither the ECHR 1950 nor domestic law confers a right upon anyone to ‘broadcast time’, since Article 10 simply confers a right not to have access to public media denied on discriminatory, arbitrary, or unreasonable grounds. This view is effectively illustrated by the Privy Council decision in Benjamin v. Minister of Information Broadcasting where the court quashed the respondent’s decision to suspend Mr Benjamins phone-in programme on Anguillan radio. Therefore, the Privy Council held that although Mr Benjamin had no right to broadcast, he did have the right not to have his access denied on arbitrary and capricious grounds. As a result, it must also be recognised that, according to the courts in this country, the ‘necessity’ for any restriction on freedom of expression must be convincingly established, according to the decision in Sunday Times v. United Kingdom. This is because the court in this case was â€Å"faced †¦ with a principle of freedom of expression†, but â€Å"it is not sufficient that the interference involved belongs to that class of the exceptions listed in article 10(2) †¦ neither is it sufficient because its subject-matter fell within a particular category or was caught by a legal rule formulated in general or absolute terms†. Moreover, their has been some judicial discourse regarding what is meant by the limited circumstances proscribed in section 10 of the CCA 1981, where the courts may find journalists in contempt for looking to protect their sources, and as to whether this is a fair reflection of Article 10 of the ECHR 1950 by comparing the views of Lord Justice Schiemann in Camelot Group plc v. Centaur Communications Limited and Lord Justice Sedley in Financial Times Ltd v. Interbrew SA. This is effectively illustrated by the decision in Secretary of State for Defence v. Guardian Newspapers Ltd where Lord Diplock said, â€Å"exceptions include no reference to ‘the public interest’ generally and †¦ the expression ‘justice’ †¦ is †¦ in the technical sense of the administration of justice in the course of legal proceedings†. Therefore, ‘The Guardian’had to reveal the identity of Sarah Tisdall, a government employee who photocopied a document showing American cruise missiles due to arrive in England, who was jailed as a result. However, despite the fact that it was stated in the decision of Ashworth Security Hospital v. MGN Ltd that â€Å"there can be no doubt now that both section 10 and article 10 †¦ enhance the freedom of the press by protecting journalistic sources†, it is perhaps little wonder the European Court of Human Rights (‘ECtHR’) has ruled that a journalist has the right to protect confidential sources except in these narrowly-defined circumstances. This is because, under Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (‘ECHR’) 1950, a journalist must reveal a confidential source â€Å"where vital public or individual interests [are] at stake†. But it is very difficult to prove when such circumstances will arise. This is because, specifically, in the decision of Goodwin v. United Kingdom, the journalist in this case (a William Goodwin) refused to reveal the confidential source of damaging information relating to a particular company Tetra – and the information supplied to Goodwin was found to have come from a draft secret corporate plan that had gone missing from the company so that Tetra suspected a disloyal employee or collaborator. As a result, the company in question alleged that the information was stolen and that its publication could damage the company’s reputation and future business prospects, so this meant that the domestic tribunals in the UK sided with the company, barring the publication of the information and ordering the journalist to reveal his source. However, the journalist refused and was held in contempt of court and fined  £5,000 under section 10 of the Contempt of Court Act 1981 that was upheld by the Court of Appeal and then the House of Lords. This meant the House of Lords specifically applied the principle expounded by Lord Reid in the decision of Norwich Pharmacal Co v. Customs Excise Commissioners when upholding the Court of Appeal’s decision that stated â€Å"if through no fault of his own a person gets mixed up in the tortious acts of others †¦ he †¦ comes under a duty to assist the person who has been wronged† But the journalist then looked to file a complaint with the European human rights system, arguing that his right to freedom of expression under the ECHR 1950 had been violated. Therefore, the ECtHR ruled the order to reveal the journalistic source and the fine imposed on the journalist for refusing to do so was incompatible with the ECHR 1950. Such a view was decided upon because the Court reasoned the â€Å"[p]rotection of journalistic sources is one of the basic conditions for press freedom† because â€Å"[w]ithout such protection, sources may be deterred from assisting the press in informing the public on matters of public interest†. This was supported by the fact that it was recognised in the decision of Goodwin v. United Kingdom that the â€Å"Protection of journalistic sources is one of the basic conditions for press freedom †¦ and is affirmed in several international instruments on journalistic freedoms† because otherwise â€Å"sources may be deterred from assisting the press†. Therefore, this would mean â€Å"the ability of the press to provide accurate and reliable information may be adversely affected† so that â€Å"source disclosure †¦ cannot be compatible with article 10 of the Convention unless it is justified by an overriding requirement in the public interest†. The decision followed on from that of the House of Lords in X Ltd v. Morgan-Grampian (Publishers) Ltd so that Lord Bridge of Harwich echoed their consensus as they indicated how the approach to be adopted to section 10 of the CCA 1981 involved very much the same balancing exercise as is involved in applying Article 10 of the ECHR 1950. Lord Bridge reasoned that as to â€Å"whether disclosure is necessary in the interests of justice gives rise to a more difficult problem of weighing one public interest against another† and so, when commenting on Lord Diplock’s dictum in Secretary of State for Defence v Guardian Newspapers Ltd, â€Å"to construe ‘justice’ as the antonym of ‘injustice’ in section 10 would be far too wide. But to confine it to ‘the technical sense of the administration of justice †¦ seems †¦ too narrow† Therefore, people â€Å"should be enabled to exercise important legal rights and to protect themselves from serious legal wrongs†. This means it â€Å"will not be sufficient †¦ to show merely that he will be unable without disclosure to exercise the legal right or avert the threatened legal wrong on which he bases his claim†. As a result, â€Å"the judge’s task will always be to weigh †¦ the importance of enabling the ends of justice to be attained in the circumstances of the particular case †¦ against the importance of protecting the source†. However, the House of Lords decision in Reynolds v. Times Newspapers altered the approach to qualified privilege because it established common law qualified privilege could apply to media publications and traditional duty and interest requirements could be satisfied by media publications so that publishers had no defence even if they were not careless or published the material to serve a general public interest. Therefore, with a generic approach, all such media publications would be protected unless claimants proved malice so that this means that, under the influence of the ECHR 1950, journalists’ confidential sources are accorded very strong protection in England, which makes it extremely difficult to prove malice. Moreover, a generic approach was rejected because its scope would be too narrow Instead, the House of Lords concluded common law qualified privilege should focus on the publication’s public interest qualities Similarly in the more recent decision of Ashworth Security Hospital v. MGN Ltd it was decided that the â€Å"care of patients at Ashworth is fraught with difficulty and danger† and â€Å"The disclosure of the patients’ records increases that difficulty†. This is because the court had had to decide whether to order disclosure of the identity of a hospital employee who had supplied confidential medical records on the Moors murderer Ian Brady to the Daily Mirror’s investigations editor. Accordingly â€Å"The source’s disclosure was wholly inconsistent with the security of the records and the disclosure was made worse because it was purchased by a cash payment†. As a result the court took a strict line with this decision because of the risk of further confidential information being disclosed for profit, supported by the earlier decision in Interbrew v. Financial Times Ltd Others. Nevertheless, in looking to compare these decisions with another jurisdiction, it is interesting to consider the fact that when Turkey attempted to justify its interference with journalists’ rights to freedom of expression on national security grounds, the ECtHR resolved the journalist’s complaints against the State in its decision in the case of Halis v. Turkey In this case the Turkish government imprisoned a journalist for publishing a book review that looked to express positive opinions about aspects of the Kurdish separatist movement. Therefore, the journalist was convicted domestically for violating the provisions of the Turkish Prevention of Terrorism Act 1991 through the dissemination of propaganda about an illegal separatist terrorist organisation. As a result, when the journalist filed a complaint with the ECtHR, the State defended that its restriction was necessary to protect national security. Accordingly, the ECtHR found that the restriction in these circumstances was made pursuant to Turkish law and that the sensitive security situation and the use of violence by a separatist movement in Turkey and the measures taken by the government had the legitimate aim of protecting national security and public safety. But the ECtHR found that the conviction and suspended sentence of the journalist was not necessary in a democratic society and that it violated the journalist’s right to freedom of expression. Similarly, in Sener v. Turkey, the owner and editor of a weekly Turkish paper was convicted of ‘disseminat[ing] propaganda against the State’ for publishing an article that referred to the military attacks on the Kurdish population as genocide, when Turkey again defended its interference with freedom of speech on national security grounds, and the ECtHRs held that the State had once again violated the applicant’s right to freedom of expression. Moreover, in the more recent decision of Dammann v. Switzerland, it was held that there had been a violation of Article 10 of the ECHR 1950 when a journalist had been prosecuted and fined for inciting a civil servant to disclose an official secret. The case arose because of the fact that the journalist had asked an administrative assistant to tell him whether a list of suspects of a recent robbery had any previous criminal convictions and she had supplied that information in breach of official secrecy law. Therefore, with this in mind, the Court held that the journalist’s source could be protected because the information supplied was a matter of great public interest and debate and the information in question could have been obtained by other means, such as through consulting law reports or press records. Similarly, the Irish Constitution has always recognised the freedom of expression because of the fact that, after centuries of British rule ended in 1921, the new Irish state chose to draft its own written constitution. Therefore, with this in mind, the current Irish constitution has recognised the right to freedom of expression and also calls for the country’s authorities to prevent the media from undermining public order or morality, whilst also preserving the medias right of liberty of expression. But, in spite of this codification, Irish journalists and law reformers understand that defamation decisions including Campbell-Sharp v. Independent Newspapers (IRE) Ltd have seriously impeded this right so that freedom of the press is seriously restricted. This is because of the fact that liability costs have discouraged investigative journalism and activists in this area have sought parity with the other jurisdictions under Article 10 of the ECHR 1950 in practice as well as in statute. In conclusion, this means that in looking to effectively consider whether section 10 of the Contempt of Court Act 1981, as judicially interpreted and applied, reflects Justice Meyer’s aforementioned view in Goodwin v. United Kingdom, it is clear that, whilst there is little doubt this provision provides the courts with an important protocol to protect journalists’ sources, section 10 does not give unequivocal reinforcement to journalists’ professional duty of confidentiality so that, worryingly, it is not just in exceptional cases that the statute’s protection is being overturned. However, whilst in view of the nature and scope of many of the more recent decisions, since that found in Goodwin v. United Kingdom, where the domestic courts have ordered disclosure, journalists still largely place their obligations towards their sources above anything to the court and the administration of justice under section 10 of the CCA 1981. This is because, in such circles, the freedom of expression under Article 10 of the ECHR 1950 is considered paramount and, as was the case in Goodwin v. United Kingdom, the matter can always be referred to the ECtHR for judgment should the domestic courts prove unduly restrictive. However, with this in mind, whilst one can only speculate what may be decided in cases like Ashworth Security Hospital v. MGN Ltd, it would appear, that specifically in this case, this might appear to fall within one of the exceptions provided by Article 10(2) of the ECHR 1950 – namely, â€Å"for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence†. Therefore, section 10 of the CCA 1981 appears quite reflective of Justice Meyer’s aforementioned view because of the limited circumstances where it has been infringed upon in domestic law before and after the decision in Goodwin v. United Kingdom. But, on the basis of the decisions in Turkey, Switzerland and Ireland, by way of comparison, it is all too clear that even where one of the exceptions under Article 10(2) of the ECHR 1950 is cited, it must be proved to the ECtHR satisfaction otherwise it will still apply. This is because such a view arises from the fact that since, as we have already recognised, the European Court of Human Rights has categorically stated that the right to freedom of expression must be guaranteed not only for information and ideas that are favourably received, but also for those that shock the State Therefore, it must be recognised that the right to freedom of expression would be nonexistent if only statements acceptable to the government, and the majority, were allowed to be expressed so that all facts and opinions must be permitted, provided that they are not specifically restricted by the governing treaty. Bibliography Frazier. S ‘Liberty of Expression in Ireland the Need for a Constitutional Law of Defamation’ (1999) 32(2) Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 391 Gordon. R. S, Ward. T Eicke. T ‘The Strasbourg Case Law: Leading Cases from the European Human Rights Reports’ Sweet Maxwell (2001) Hare. I ‘English Lessons in Comparative Public Law: Will the First Amendment have the Last Word?’ (2000) 10 Trinity Law Review 29 Hare. I ‘Method Objectivity in Free Speech Adjudication: Lessons From America’ (2005) 54(1) ICLQ 49 Moncrieff. M ‘No names†¦ unless the court decides otherwise’ The Guardian (08/04/02) (http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2002/apr/08/mondaymediasection4) Pasqualucci. J. M ‘Criminal Defamation the Evolution of the Doctrine of Freedom of Expression in International Law: Comparative Jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights’ (2006) 29(2) Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 379 Soames. M ‘Privilege, yes, but it is to protect the public’ The Times (26/07/05) (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,8163-1705639,00.html) Weaver. R. L, Kenyon. A. T, Partlett. D. F Walker. C. P ‘Defamation Law Free Speech: Reynolds V. Times Newspapers and the English Media’ (2004) 37(5) Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 1255 Table of Cases Ashworth Security Hospital v. MGN Ltd [2002] UKHL 29 Benjamin v. Minister of Information Broadcasting [2001] 1 WLR 1040 Camelot Group plc v. Centaur Communications Limited [1999] QB 124 Campbell-Sharp v. Independent Newspapers (IRE) Ltd No. 5557 (Ir. H. Ct. May 6, 1997) Dammann v. Switzerland (Application No. 77551/01) ECtHR 2 May 2006 Derbyshire County Council v. Times Newspapers Ltd [1993] AC 534 Fernando v. Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation (1996) 1 BHRC 104 Financial Times Ltd v Interbrew SA [2002] EWCA Civ 274 Goodwin v. United Kingdom (1996) 22 EHRR 123 Halis v. Turkey [2005] ECtHR 3 Interbrew v. Financial Times Ltd Others [2002] 1 Lloyds Rep 542 Jersild  v.  Denmarkjudgment  of 23rd September  1994,  Series  A  no.  298 Norwich Pharmacal Co v. Customs Excise Commissioners [1974] AC 133 R v. British Broadcasting Corporation, ex parte ProLife Alliance [2004] 1 AC 185 Reynolds v. Times Newspapers [2001] 2 AC 127 Scharsach News Verlagsgesellschaft v. Austria (2003) ECtHR 596 Secretary of State for Defence v Guardian Newspapers Ltd [1985] AC 339 Sener v. Turkey [2000] ECtHR 377 Sunday Times v. United Kingdom (1979) 2 EHRR 245 X Ltd v. Morgan-Grampian (Publishers) Ltd [1991] 1 AC 1 Table of Statutes Bunreacht na hEireann 1921 (as amended) Contempt of Court Act 1981 European Convention on Human Rights 1950 Human Rights Act 1998 Turkish Prevention of Terrorism Act 1991

How Steinbeck Creates Two Contrasting Characters In Beginning Of Mice a

During the presidential reign of Hebert Hoover in the early 1930's, America was hit with a severe economic slowdown which was notoriously known as The Great Depression. During this time of crisis, an estimated sixteen million people were left unemployed and many others were left homeless. Even though it was expected that many industries in the United States would be significantly affected as a result of the crash, it was Agriculture that was destroyed. Many landowners were desperate to employ workers on their farm, whilst workers were anxious themselves to find a job to support their family. In this story, two displaced Anglo migrant ranch workers, George Milton and Lennie Small, travel around America in search for a job. We soon realise their goal to pursue the American Dream, a dream that has equal chance of becoming a reality or a mere fantasy. Steinbeck?s novel shows a concern for these two friends as tension is raised over whether they will reach the Promised Land they cherish s o much. Much of this concern can be attributed to the contrasting characters that both George and Lennie possess ?Although George is seen as an intelligent caring individual, his companion Lennie, although physically strong, is a psychologically limited man who has a good chance of inadvertently spoiling their hopes and ambitions, primarily due to his mental incapacity. Whilst Steinbeck describes the two main characters in the novel, we see that there is a significant difference in their physical appearances. For example, there is evidence in the text which suggests that Lennie is a colossal physical specimen: ?a huge man, shapeless of face, with large, pale eyes and he walked heavily...........the way a bear drags his paws.? The very fact that Len... ...?into the trap?. This suggests that he is a man with few weaknesses. We find out in the latter stages of the story that George has a weakness, specifically his dependency of Lennie. Lennie, intelligently, tries to manipulate George by stating that he will leave him and ?live in that cage?. This irritates George who is desperate to win Lennie?s friendship back: I want you to stay with me Lennie, no you stay with me?. This shows that he needs him just as much as Lennie needs him. In general the reader can see that George needs his mate, Lennie to be able to survive, regardless of how mentally retarded he is. On the whole, the writer creates an immense contrast between both of these characters. The use of immaculate description, as well as short, sharp phrases assists the reader in gaining a vivid image of how these two animated characters would be like in real life.

Federal Bureau of Prisons Essay

The Federal Bureau of Prisons was established in 1930. Its main goal is to provide humane care for Federal inmates. There are 11 Federal prisons in operation. The Bureau consists of 115 institutions, 6 regional offices, a Central Office (headquarters), 2 staff training centers, and 22 community corrections offices. The Bureau of Prisons career opportunities web page is the place where you can learn about BOP careers, the employment process and current vacancies. The BOP career opportunities web page has quick links to: application steps, attorney recruitment, career FAQs, health care careers, job descriptions and job vacancies. The Bureau has approximately 37,700 employees within 115 correctional institutions. The BOP is currently accepting applications for: Chaplain, Clinical Psychologist, Dental Officer, Medical Officer, Nurse Practitioner, Physician Assistant and Registered Nurse. The jobs are accessible through USAJOBS. The bureau has approximately 37, 700 highly motivated individuals working in 115 correctional institutions across the country and a wide range of occupations. Job opportunities within the correctional facilities: automobile, painting, plumbing, carpentry, and electricity. They are always accepting applications for dental officer, medical officer, and registered nurse. Salaries are based on the position and location of the job you are selected to fill. The Law Enforcement Special Salary Rate and Locality pay scale may vary from the General Schedule and Locality pay scale. Salaries for positions such as Electrician, Mechanic, and Plumber, are found on the Federal Wage System pay scale. A variety of health insurance plans are available to Federal employees, with the Government paying about 60 to 72 percent of the cost and the employee paying 28 to 40 percent, depending on the health plan. Basic life insurance is automatic and effective on the first workday the employee is in pay and duty status, unless the employee chooses to waive life insurance coverage. Every employee is guaranteed a life insurance policy. The Government pays one-third of the cost for Basic life insurance. Basic life insurance is the employee’s salary rounded up. After 20 years of service in a position covered by â€Å"hazardous duty† law enforcement retirement provisions is eligible to retire at age 50. BOP has four different work life programs which makes it easier to balance work and family. These programs consist of teleworking, compressed, flexible, and part time work schedules. Under special, limited circumstances, inmates who meet strict requirements may be allowed temporary releases from the institution through furloughs and staff-escorted trips. A furlough allows inmates to be in the community without a staff escort. There are several purposes for furloughs: for example these enable inmates to be present during a family crisis, facilitate re-establishing family and community ties, and allow an inmate to participate in certain activities to help his/her release transition. The Bureau may authorize staff-escorted trips for purposes such as visiting a critically ill family member; attending a funeral; receiving medical treatment; or participating in educational, religious, or work-related functions. The Bureau’s philosophy is to release preparation begins the first day of incarceration, focus on release preparation intensifies at least 18 months prior to release. The Release Preparation Program includes classes in areas such as resume writing, job search, and job retention. The program also includes presentations by community-based organizations that help ex-inmates find jobs and training opportunities after release. The Bureau places appropriate inmates in halfway houses prior to release to help them adjust to life in the community and find employment. Some inmates will be eligible for a release gratuity, clothing, or money for transportation to their release destination. The Inmate Transition Branch provides additional pre-release employment assistance. Many institutions hold mock job fairs to provide inmates an opportunity to practice job interview skills and to expose community recruiters to the skills available among releasing inmates. Qualified inmates may apply for jobs with companies that have posted job openings. This Branch also helps inmates prepare release folders that include a resume; education certificates, diplomas, and transcripts; and other significant documents needed for a successful job interview. Medical, dental, and mental health services are provided to Federal inmates n Bureau facilities. Most Facilities provide one or more primary Physicians who specialize in family practice. Medical officer provide direct service to inmates in Federal prisons (e. g. performance of diagnostic and preventive). Nurses play an important role on patient health, patient safety and patient education. (e. g. observation and evaluation of patients, perform case histories, conduct physical examinations, and order laboratory tests). De ntal officers are responsible for the full range of dental care provided to inmates. Pharmacist provide pharmaceutical care, they are responsible for medication. (e. g. same as nurse). Over 3,000 health care positions are offered. The food service operation within each institution represents a major program area within the Federal Criminal Justice system. The Bureau offers a food service career for correctional cook supervisors in a fast pace and challenging environment. Cook supervisor receive full training and are responsible for serving nutritious meals and provides guidance/direction to inmate cooks, bakers, butchers as well as in sanitation. Meals are served to a population of several hundred to 2,000 per meal depending on size and type of facility. Completion of a 2 to 4 year culinary degree is desirable but qualifying experience in quantity production from the military or food hospital industry is acceptable. Even though cook supervisors are at the entry level position, ambitious and interested individuals can apply for higher positions to Assistant Food Service Manager to the top Food Service Administrator. Each federal prison has its own education department that provides educational and recreational activities to inmates. Inmates are encouraged to adopt a healthy lifestyle through physical fitness, health education and leisure programs. Inmates who participate in industries or vocational training programs are more likely to find and keep a job upon release and less likely to return to prison. The Bureau offers a variety of programs for inmates to acquire literacy and marketable skills to help them obtain employment after release. All institutions offer literacy classes, English as a Second Language, parenting classes, wellness education, adult continuing education, library services, and instruction in leisure-time ctivities. In most cases, inmates who do not have a high school diploma or a General Educational Development (GED) certificate must participate in the literacy program for a minimum of 240 hours or until they obtain the GED. Occupational and vocational training programs are based on the needs of the inmates, general labor market conditions, and institution labor force needs. An important component is on-the-job training, which inmates receive through institution job assignments and work in Federal Prison Industries. Parenting classes help inmates develop appropriate skills during incarceration. Recreation and wellness activities encourage healthy life styles and habits. Institution libraries carry a variety of fiction and nonfiction books, magazines, newspapers, and reference materials. Inmates also have access to legal materials to conduct legal research and prepare legal documents. The Bureau of Prisons has various job opportunities ranging from Automotive to electric and is always looking for professionals in the medical field. There are over 3,000 health care positions available ranging from Dental to nursing. While a job with the bureau of prisons maybe stressful it does offer benefits, such as retirement, paid holidays, flexibility room for growth and retirement options. Each federal prison has its own education department and inmates are encouraged to adopt a healthy lifestyle. It is often found that inmates who participate in industries or vocational training programs are more likely to find and keep a job upon release and less likely to return to prison.

Compare and contrast the socialist path to development Essays

Compare and contrast the socialist path to development Essays Compare and contrast the socialist path to development Essay Compare and contrast the socialist path to development Essay Compare and contrast the socialist way to development with mention to any two 3rd universe states. Cuba and Vietnam present us with two interesting and absorbing states seeking to follow the socialist way to development. The socialist way to development can be contrasted with the capitalist way to development. The first can be defined as economic development without capital, the 2nd as economic development with capital, where capital is money and merchandises which can be consumed. Although this is possibly an simplism, it provides a orderly heuristic tool by which we can compare and contrast the waies taken by Cuba and Vietnam. A job presents itself at the beginning in utilizing this definition of development A popular step of development is normally gross domestic merchandise per capita ( GDP ) of population, which is a step of capital, and hence non suited as a socialist step. In the absence of another step, nevertheless, we will follow this step, but with an explicitly historical prejudice. Comparison and contrast can so be made over clip, with mentions to historical events in each state, saying when they happened. The socialist way to development has its beginnings in the work of Karl Marx, a German philosopher whose chief part was likely the labour theory of value, which states that economic value is derived non from capital, but from the labor required to make the capital. Failure to mensurate capital in this manner leads to disaffection of labor, he says, and finally socialist revolution. In Cuba the socialist revolution happened in 1959, led by Fidel Castro, who introduced socialism from 1960 onwards. His first actions were to nationalize all big farms, or convey so under public ownership, and take all foreign ownership of belongings, largely US belongings. In 1991 Cuba had a GDP per capita of US $ 1580, which is has non yet surpassed, because of the diminution in economic activity with other socialist states. The consequence of nationalizing all big farms was to centralize production and to distribute it every bit amongst all Cubans. By making so, Castro removed competition amongst husbandmans, who now had to farm to run into with formal political programs. Equally significantly harmonizing to Marx’s philosophy, was societal policy, which led to Cuba developing better lodging, wellness and educational policy than anyplace else in the Caribbean. Cuba now has more physicians per capita than about anywhere else in the universe, a lower infant mortality rate than most states and a lower pupil to teacher ratio than France, Germany, the United Kingdom or the United States. Although officially still a socialist democracy, Cubans are progressively abandoning the rigorous Marxist philosophy of public ownership of the factors of production, in favor of a mix of public and private. President Castro maintains that Cuba is still ruled with socialist ideals, with the Central Planning Board he established in the 1960’s still running five twelvemonth programs that set monetary values of all economic factors. Cuba relies on international monetary values for its exports, nevertheless, most peculiarly for its rich nickel resources. It might be argued that because it is an island, Cuba is more able to maintain its philosophy pure, but because it is non economically self-sufficing, the state must trust on international economic sciences to bring forth factors on its land. By contrast, Vietnam has land boundary lines with other states, with whom it engages in trade, most notably with China, the state possibly most responsible for its socialist civilization. Historically, Vietnam has been socialist since June 1976, when the communist North united with the South to go a one-party province. Prior to this, the North had been socialist since the licking of the Japanese in the 2nd universe war, which occupied Vietnam and allowed the Vichy French to administer. Full blown socialism was non possible until the terminal of the Vietnam War and the licking of the American oppositions to socialism. Vietnam’s GDP per capita was US $ 435 in 2002. This compares unfavorably with Cuba, nevertheless Vietnam is a preponderantly agricultural economic system, and it is possible that its economic system is more socialist as a consequence. The ground for this is that Vietnam’s land is publically owned, like Cuba’s, but because Vietnam does non hold Cuba’s natural resources independent of the land, socialist ownership is much more recognized by the Vietnamese public. For case, between 1997 and 2001 Vietnam’s production of Piper nigrum and java, whose growing relies on the land, developed by 338 % and 100 % . Of Vietnam’s labour force, 65 % is employed on the land, hence Marx’s labour theory of value is clearly applicable ; in this state, with so many people deducing their income from publically owned land, there is improbable to be much force per unit area for democratic elections, because people will understand their economic endurance is guaranteed by socialism which values their labour independently of the land value. In developmental footings, Vietnam is much more a 3rd universe state than Cuba, because of this agricultural labor force. Phan new wave Khai, the Vietnamese Prime Minister, is no longer required to continue socialism under the 2001 fundamental law. This most recent of the five fundamental laws requires the Vietnamese authorities to protect the rights of Vietnamese life abroad. As the leader of the authorities, Phan van Khai and his predecessors have non been required to construct socialism since 1980, when socialism was dropped from the fundamental law. In May 2004 the agribusiness and rural development curate, Le Huy Ngo, was dismissed from the authorities for leting corruptness in his ministry. The parliament, elected since 1992, played a big function in his dismissal. The contrast with Cuba, which does non keep elections, is uncomparable. In decision, we can summarize by stating that the way to development in Cuba and Vietnam has greatly changed since the origin of socialism. Karl Marx’s socialist theories have been mostly superseded by capitalist steps of development, if non capitalism itself, because of the democratic and international force per unit areas which favour economic over socialist development. The 19th century that gave birth to socialism relied mostly on agricultural laborers to transport out its socialist revolutions, which are antithetical to development, hence likely there is no true socialist way to development.

The Military and Freedom of Speech essays

The Military and Freedom of Speech essays Freedom of expression in the military, is it really freedom when it has limits? Many people might not take into consideration what one gives up when they join the military. Its not just ones freedom, its also the freedom to speak ones mind. Now I do understand that a certain amount of secrecy is needed in order to not let the enemy know about certain plans of action the armed forces are working on, but having an opinion about your boss or your job should not be limited when you are in the armed forces. When a member of the armed forces chooses to talk about their personal feelings regarding a particular branch of service they are conflicting with the militarys hierarchical nature and the militarys increasingly antiquated desire to command and control its personnel (Guardiano, 2010, NewsRealBlog). As part of the military one still has rights, once one becomes a service member one does not give up his or her First Amendment right. It merely means that a military member must put into ef fect his free speech rights in his own time and in his capacity as a private citizen. The argument that Im trying to make is that the armed forces members should have more of a right than anyone else, when it comes to freedom of speech because they are fighting for this country, and what is this country giving to them? Nothing but limitations and violation of their legal rights. Now I do agree with certain limitations of armed forces freedom of expression. The only limitation I agree with is one that limits a service member from talking about private military operations. The reason I agree with this limitation is because when one puts classified military information out there for everyone to see it puts the country and its citizens in danger. One of the main reasons we have armed forces is to fight for the United States people. If we go flaunting our countrys plan of attack it puts the United States a...

How to Make Changes to Your MCAT Registration

How to Make Changes to Your MCAT Registration When you choose an MCAT test date, pay the registration fees, and complete your MCAT registration, you never figure that you may have to make a change. However, when it comes to your MCAT registration, you can certainly make changes if life doesnt work out according to your carefully made plans. Read on for ways to change your test center, change your test date or time, or cancel your MCAT registration. Change Your MCAT Test Center, Test Time or Test Date Shifting your test center or registering for a different test date or time isnt really all that difficult, providing there is space at the new center where youd like to test and availability on the dates youve provided. And there are benefits to changing multiple things at once if you need to change your test center and test date, for instance. If you change them separately, youll be charged a rescheduling fee twice. Change them together and youll only be charged once. There are a few caveats, though: You must make a change prior to the Silver Zone registration deadline for the exam for which youre currently registered.You cant change your test date before registration has opened for the new exam date as no special permissions or privileges are granted in registration order to previously registered testers.Rescheduling into an exam date that is within the Bronze Zone will cost you an additional $50. This fee is the difference between the initial Silver Zone registration fee ($275) and the initial Bronze Zone registration fee ($325). Cancel Your MCAT Registration Lets say youre called away on military duty. Or, heaven forbid, theres a death in your immediate family. Or, youve decided that you dont want to take the MCAT on your registered date and youre not sure when (or if!) youd like to register again. What can you do? If theres no emergency- youd just like to cancel for your own personal reasons- then here are the details: You must cancel before the end of the Gold Zone registration deadline in order to receive a partial refund- $135 for standard testers and $50 for FAP recipients.If you cancel after the Gold Zone registration deadline, you will not receive a refund at all! So youd better make sure youd really like to cancel.If you decide to register for a new test date in the same calendar year in which youve canceled, then youll have to pay the entire registration fee again, along with a rescheduling fee, which is nonrefundable. If youve experienced a crisis like being hospitalized or having a death in the family OR youre called away on military duty or to help medically in a catastrophic event, then you can receive a maximum of $135 no matter when the cancellation occurs. If youre a FAP recipient, youll receive a $50 cancellation reimbursement. Youll need to contact the MCAT Resource Center either by phone (202) 828-0690 or by email at mcataamc.org for instructions regarding canceling during a crisis. Please note that youll be required to provide either military papers explaining the dates of your deployment and length of service, a funeral program or death certificate, or medical documentation explaining the duration of your hospital stay. Make an MCAT Registration Change Here If youve decided you need to change your MCAT registration for any reason, you can log into the MCAT Scheduling and Registration System to make the necessary adjustments to your testing experience.

Analyze the risk of Merger and Acquisition on enterprise Dissertation

Analyze the risk of Merger and Acquisition on enterprise - Dissertation Example The paper describes why the organizations purse mergers and acquisitions. There are different reasons for this including growth strategies and when seeking to enter into a new market which has been identified as the main reason behind acquisitions. In the commercial sector, larger corporations are considered to be better because such corporations are considered to have larger pool of resources to enhance their operations and to reach out to a great number of customers. In light of this, mergers and acquisitions have become the order of the day in the corporate world. Some acquisitions and mergers are so successful that it is possible to remember when the companies involved were separate and distinct entities. However, other mergers fail to accomplish their intended purposes and companies engaged either runs bankrupt, executives are sacked or they go into a corporate separation. Mergers and acquisitions get together varying people, processes, and technologies with the aim of creating a large unified organization. The organization generally seeks to gain from the synergies of the acquisition and merger by consolidating, integrating and rationalizing the people, technologies and procedures of the two organizations. Not all companies have the ability to provide the desired technology to compete effectively with other players in the market and therefore they choose to team up with other enterprises that have the desire technology or with which they can combine resources to get the needed technology. Mergers and acquisitions may also be adopted by enterprises as an attempt to mitigate their financial risks and share costs involved in research and development of a new product (Elmuti and Kathawala, 2001, p. 205). They assert that financial resources required to purse a new product may be too high for one company and therefore they may result to merger. According to Elmuti and Kathawala (2001, p. 206), when airplane manufacturers realized that construction of a large j et plane involved high cost; they formed an alliance between Boeing, Aerospatiale of France, British Aerospace, Deutsche Aerospace of Germany and Construcciones Aeronauticas of Spain. This alliance was geared towards spreading the financial risks involved in the venture among many players. The other reason for mergers and acquisitions is to help enterprises achieve competitive advantage. Elmuti and Kathawala (2001, p. 206) describe that alliances are attractive to small organizations as they provide the required tools required to give them a competitive edge. The risks and problems involved in merger and acquisition range from financial risks, relational risks, incompatible cultures, lack of trust, inadequate coordination between the management teams and differences in

Leadership discussion broad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Leadership discussion broad - Essay Example On the other hand, firms which are stuck in the middle of the two strategies make the lowest returns because they can neither build their image of the product of products or services of the highest quality or distinct features consistently nor that of a cost effective provider consistently. A cost leader selects product differentiation at a low to moderate level. Differentiation incurs more cost as more resources are required to be spent in making the product unique. Therefore, a cost leader goes for differentiation which is not markedly inferior to its competitors competing through differentiation, but is achievable at a low cost. A cost leader does not add a unique feature until it is wanted by the customers or it has been done by the competitors (Hill and Jones, 2008, p. 121). A cost leader attracts the customers by charging them a lower price compared to what they are charged by the competitors, but this tendency to charge the lower price is jeopardized when the cost leader also tries to become a differentiator. Consequently, revenues are

Organize a debate on the vietnam war, iraqi war or any controversial Essay

Organize a debate on the vietnam war, iraqi war or any controversial historical event that has taken place within 40years. Write - Essay Example Hussein did not comply with the inspection, prompting the United Nations to draft a resolution seeking for serious consequences if the Iraqi leader dismissed the UN Security Council’s strict inspection of the alleged dangerous weapons. Now, had Hussein not cultivated nuclear weapons, he could have freely let the team inspect and let his conscience be freed. If there were no impositions of serious actions towards terrorism, Iraqi people would still remain to witness a never-ending siege of terrorism, hiding behind Hussein’s dictatorship. Second justification, had the U.S. and its allies not launched the war, global security is at stake (Copson 4). The Al Qaeda terrorist organization has established connections with the radical leader, and the creation of nuclear weapons is a stepping stone to Iraq’s claiming to govern the world under his tutelage. The war was an indication, moreover, to other countries, which are cultivating destructive weapons to learn a lesson f rom the war in order for them to stop. For instance, Libyan dictator Gaddafi was reported to have ceased creating weapons of mass destruction upon knowing what happened to Saddam Hussein. Furthermore, Iraqis were freed from the regime of Saddam Hussein, which clearly would not happen if the United States remained relaxed. It is a concession that war yields damages, both life and property. However, it is also true that the clear and present danger posed by these weapons would turn out killing millions of people than one expected if there are no actions to stop violence and terrorism. Therefore, the war in Iraq in 2003 was worth it. Negative Side’s Justifications. It is ironic to talk peace while using violence to achieve it. This basic premise holds true to everyone, regardless of race, gender, religion and ideology. The 2003 Iraq war was an exaggerated action for an unproven claim that Iraq owns weapons of mass destructions (Prados and Ames par. 15), and posited questions to the real motive of the United States in waging the war; therefore, it is not worth it. First, the war killed, not just the alleged supporters of the terrorist organization Al Qaeda, but including children and civilian citizens. If Hussein’s body is highly important, then the United States should have launched a manhunt operation against him and his supporter so as to avoid collateral damages (Abrams and Gungwu 12). Secondly, the war was a burden to the fiduciary situation of the United States and to its allies. Curtis and Payne stated that while the world enjoyed Hussein’s loss, the cost of the war was â€Å"disproportionate† (45). Third justification, the motive of the United States was highly questionable. If the war was rested on the ground of justified reasons, there would be no other reason beyond the goal of global peace. The war was not a matter of â€Å"necessity,† but a â€Å"choice† (Harvey 1); therefore, it has clear motives. To name it explicitly, the oil reserves served as an indication of economic domination. Inasmuch as the pro-war were convinced of the presence of nuclear weapons, anti-war was also sure that the United States, under the cloak of salvaging Iraq from dictatorship, also eyed on the rich oil reserve of the country. Fourthly, the Iraqi people were now freed from one dictator, but the leadership was governed by people with vested interests. U.S. had various allies during the war, and it is highly anticipated that economic benefits of the war are likely

Factors affecting quality of MRI image.Benefits of circular or square Essay

Factors affecting quality of MRI image.Benefits of circular or square spiral EPI methods - Essay Example For example, if a spin is exposed to a magnetic field different from the expected value due to magnetic susceptibility, geometric distortions will be seen from the MRI image (Reinsberg, Doran, Charles-Edwards, and Leach, 2005). In particular, an increased spin produces MRI signals of low intensity, while high magnetic susceptibility areas are seen as areas of total signal loss (Zhou and Gullapalli, 2006). Figure 1 shows an example of metallic susceptibility distortions in the presence of metallic implants. Magnetic susceptibility In magnetic resonance imaging, tissues are temporarily magnetized by the large magnetic field that the imaged subject is exposed to, with the extent of magnetization varying among tissues that differ in magnetic susceptibility. For example, relative to other tissues, air and bone are less susceptible to magnetization. On the other hand, metallic implants have high magnetic susceptibility as compared to the body tissues. These differences in magnetic suscepti bility cause field inhomogeneity, especially in tissue boundaries, particularly air-tissue and bone-soft tissue boundaries (Zhou and Gullapalli, 2006). That is why magnetic susceptibility distortions are sometimes seen in such boundaries, like the sinuses (Reinsberg, Doran, Charles-Edwards, and Leach, 2005). 1. Discuss various methods to correct for magnetic susceptibility distortions, while maintaining a good EPI image. ... a.) Parameters that can optimize EPI image ESP can be decreased through the use of powerful gradients, such as increased gradient slew rate (~20, 000 T/m/s), increased maximum amplitude (350 mT/m), increased rise time rate, increased accuracy, decreased eddy currents, increased voltage, and decreased field strength. In addition, these parameters decrease signal-to-noise ratio. Meanwhile, a decreased ESP results to a smaller total train length time. In fact, it has been estimated that decreasing ESP to 40 ms limits the distortion to only one pixel wide. Similarly, increased data gathering via decreased frequency- and phase encoding steps and ramp sampling, fast analogue to digital converters and large receiver bandwidth decrease the time in which phase errors can accumulate (McMahon, 2012). On the other hand, phase and read directions can be swapped, so that the phase encoding gradient is along the same axis as susceptibility gradients. Although this may not totally prevent distortion , it shows the image in a more presentable and understandable manner (McMahon, 2012; Zhou and Gullapalli, 2006). Figure 2 shows the decrease in magnetic susceptibility upon converting from left-right phase encoding to anterior-posterior phase encoding. Other ways to minimize magnetic susceptibility distortions include decreasing the resolution, use of SE sequence, increased acquisition matrix and proper shimming before image acquisition. It should be noted, however, that heating of nearby tissues can occur when using fast SE acquisition with a high bandwidth to decrease magnetic susceptibility distortions resulting from metallic implants (Zhou and Gullapalli, 2006). b) Chain of consequences after increasing the receiver bandwidth Receiver bandwidth is a

Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Education - Essay Example This exercise takes five minutes. At 9:28, Mrs. Ted asks the front-benchers to recollect the papers and at 9: 29, the papers are again on her desk. In the last minute, she asks every front-bencher to make a list of the numbers of their respective rows and give the list to her. Its 9:20 and only ten minutes are left to the end of the first period. Mrs. Brown asks all students to submit their papers to her. All children get up at once and rush towards the teacher’s desk. They make a rough pile of assignments on her table. Papers are piled up haphazardly and the order of rows is not followed. Children take about four minutes to do this activity. At 9:24, Mrs. Brown arranges the papers and counts them. She then compares the number of papers with the attendance sheet. At 9:30, she leaves the class with the pile of assignments in her hand. She will check the papers at home and will return to the class the following

Automobility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Automobility - Essay Example She also thinks that automobiles enhance knowledge. She says that automobiles take us to any place from watching birds to visiting battlegrounds. She also says that automobiles enhance privacy and allow us control over our immediate environment. The reason why so many people are buying cars is because there are benefits in having a car, something that cannot be said about other means of transport. There are public transportations too such as buses and taxis. However, although these too have benefits, they do not provide privacy. Having a private car greatly increases one's mobility. The environmentalists may raise a hue and cry about the ill-effects of the car. But there is little they can do to provide alternatives (Loren Lomasky). Mathew Paterson argues that to explain the rise and subsequent dominance of automobility as a mode of transportation in contemporary societies it is necessary to examine: a) the political economy of automobility; and b) the cultural politics of automobility. How does Paterson's analysis differ from Lomasky's Matthew Paterson has used environment and the capitalist structure to highlight the reason for the rise and dominance of automobility. ... In due time the number of cars increased. Today, the population of cars is high enough to warrant their restriction by environmentalists. A richer class of people will by all means buy a car. Paterson emphasizes the centrality of the car to capitalism. Capitalism had major influence in projecting the value of the car. The capitalist ideology provided the boost to the car industry to evolve through a combination of factors that cover industrialization, taxation, employment and road construction (b) Cultural politics Transportation is not the only need for a car. The basic purpose in owning a car is indeed transportation. However, there is the aura of a culture that has evolved with the automobile. Paterson projects the social, cultural and ability to commute fast in a car that has shaped the need for a car. Unlike Loren Lomasky, he has not concentrated on the benefits of the car. He has instead focused on the underlying reasons for the evolution of the car as a necessity rather than a luxury that has made it so ubiquitous today. Paterson says that our dependence on cars must be understood from the culture that we have allowed to take root in our midst. In order to address environmental issues it is necessary to address this culture and correct the anomalies that have allowed the car to play a dominant role in our affairs (Automobile politics). Several of the authors we have read have argued that is not useful to think about "automobile" and "driver" as separate entities. Rather, they argue that we need to think about them as constituting an "assemblage," which has also been termed a "car-driver," a "driver-car," a "Carson" and several

Factors affecting quality of MRI image.Benefits of circular or square Essay

Factors affecting quality of MRI image.Benefits of circular or square spiral EPI methods - Essay Example For example, if a spin is exposed to a magnetic field different from the expected value due to magnetic susceptibility, geometric distortions will be seen from the MRI image (Reinsberg, Doran, Charles-Edwards, and Leach, 2005). In particular, an increased spin produces MRI signals of low intensity, while high magnetic susceptibility areas are seen as areas of total signal loss (Zhou and Gullapalli, 2006). Figure 1 shows an example of metallic susceptibility distortions in the presence of metallic implants. Magnetic susceptibility In magnetic resonance imaging, tissues are temporarily magnetized by the large magnetic field that the imaged subject is exposed to, with the extent of magnetization varying among tissues that differ in magnetic susceptibility. For example, relative to other tissues, air and bone are less susceptible to magnetization. On the other hand, metallic implants have high magnetic susceptibility as compared to the body tissues. These differences in magnetic suscepti bility cause field inhomogeneity, especially in tissue boundaries, particularly air-tissue and bone-soft tissue boundaries (Zhou and Gullapalli, 2006). That is why magnetic susceptibility distortions are sometimes seen in such boundaries, like the sinuses (Reinsberg, Doran, Charles-Edwards, and Leach, 2005). 1. Discuss various methods to correct for magnetic susceptibility distortions, while maintaining a good EPI image. ... a.) Parameters that can optimize EPI image ESP can be decreased through the use of powerful gradients, such as increased gradient slew rate (~20, 000 T/m/s), increased maximum amplitude (350 mT/m), increased rise time rate, increased accuracy, decreased eddy currents, increased voltage, and decreased field strength. In addition, these parameters decrease signal-to-noise ratio. Meanwhile, a decreased ESP results to a smaller total train length time. In fact, it has been estimated that decreasing ESP to 40 ms limits the distortion to only one pixel wide. Similarly, increased data gathering via decreased frequency- and phase encoding steps and ramp sampling, fast analogue to digital converters and large receiver bandwidth decrease the time in which phase errors can accumulate (McMahon, 2012). On the other hand, phase and read directions can be swapped, so that the phase encoding gradient is along the same axis as susceptibility gradients. Although this may not totally prevent distortion , it shows the image in a more presentable and understandable manner (McMahon, 2012; Zhou and Gullapalli, 2006). Figure 2 shows the decrease in magnetic susceptibility upon converting from left-right phase encoding to anterior-posterior phase encoding. Other ways to minimize magnetic susceptibility distortions include decreasing the resolution, use of SE sequence, increased acquisition matrix and proper shimming before image acquisition. It should be noted, however, that heating of nearby tissues can occur when using fast SE acquisition with a high bandwidth to decrease magnetic susceptibility distortions resulting from metallic implants (Zhou and Gullapalli, 2006). b) Chain of consequences after increasing the receiver bandwidth Receiver bandwidth is a

Automobility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Automobility - Essay Example She also thinks that automobiles enhance knowledge. She says that automobiles take us to any place from watching birds to visiting battlegrounds. She also says that automobiles enhance privacy and allow us control over our immediate environment. The reason why so many people are buying cars is because there are benefits in having a car, something that cannot be said about other means of transport. There are public transportations too such as buses and taxis. However, although these too have benefits, they do not provide privacy. Having a private car greatly increases one's mobility. The environmentalists may raise a hue and cry about the ill-effects of the car. But there is little they can do to provide alternatives (Loren Lomasky). Mathew Paterson argues that to explain the rise and subsequent dominance of automobility as a mode of transportation in contemporary societies it is necessary to examine: a) the political economy of automobility; and b) the cultural politics of automobility. How does Paterson's analysis differ from Lomasky's Matthew Paterson has used environment and the capitalist structure to highlight the reason for the rise and dominance of automobility. ... In due time the number of cars increased. Today, the population of cars is high enough to warrant their restriction by environmentalists. A richer class of people will by all means buy a car. Paterson emphasizes the centrality of the car to capitalism. Capitalism had major influence in projecting the value of the car. The capitalist ideology provided the boost to the car industry to evolve through a combination of factors that cover industrialization, taxation, employment and road construction (b) Cultural politics Transportation is not the only need for a car. The basic purpose in owning a car is indeed transportation. However, there is the aura of a culture that has evolved with the automobile. Paterson projects the social, cultural and ability to commute fast in a car that has shaped the need for a car. Unlike Loren Lomasky, he has not concentrated on the benefits of the car. He has instead focused on the underlying reasons for the evolution of the car as a necessity rather than a luxury that has made it so ubiquitous today. Paterson says that our dependence on cars must be understood from the culture that we have allowed to take root in our midst. In order to address environmental issues it is necessary to address this culture and correct the anomalies that have allowed the car to play a dominant role in our affairs (Automobile politics). Several of the authors we have read have argued that is not useful to think about "automobile" and "driver" as separate entities. Rather, they argue that we need to think about them as constituting an "assemblage," which has also been termed a "car-driver," a "driver-car," a "Carson" and several

The Mission Statement Essay Example for Free

The Mission Statement Essay In this case study will discuss the strengths, weakness, opportunity’s and threats of the Vertu Nokia mobile phone. How well the company did and what the company will do to be completive in today’s changing world of mobile phones. Synopsis of the Situation The situation of the Vertu is how the company can survive in today’s world of technology changes. Nokia manufactures a unique luxury mobile phone by using precious materials such as diamonds, sapphires, titanium and exotic leather for phone production. Key Issues Nokia has a unique product and although it does well it has been shrinking in the market shares. Nokia hired Stephen Elop as the new CEO was given the task of revamping Nokia’s business and save it. Define the Problem The problem is the drop in share price. The problem faced in the lack of ability to not only produce new products but sustain current innovations within the mobile arena. Another issue is the use of an unproven operating system before understand the effects of a fall that could occur. There is also not a set purpose of the change nor what the company can do for its shareholders. Alternative Solutions The solution present was to phase out the outdated operating system and adopt Microsoft’s Window phone as its principal smartphone strategy. The transition from Symbian which was the outdated operating system to Windows Phone was a major move for Nokia and it could take it further by building a successful Third Ecosystem with Microsoft. Selected Solution to the Problem Due to rapid economic growth in emerging markets like China and India, the Asia-Pacific became the fastest growing region for luxury mobile phones. With new developments the luxury mobile phone market looked promising and attracted new market entrants such as Mobiado, GoldVish and GRESSO. Other well established luxury brands, including Christian Dior, Tag Heuer, Versace and Ulysse Nardin also joined the luxury mobile industry through brand extension initiatives with handset manufactures. Implementation In 2005 Nokia branded 8800 series and a year later a special edition of the Nokia 8800 was introduced. These new editions included ultra-lightweight carbon fibre and 24 carat gold plated versions. Despite these products introductions Nokia continued to empower its Vertu subsidiary to take the lead in penetrating the high end luxury mobile

Black Diaspora in Literature | Essay

Black Diaspora in Literature | Essay â€Å"Survivors. In their diasporan souls a dream like steel† (Caryl Phillips, Crossing the River). This paper discusses in what senses post-slavery literature is structured by the idea of a diaspora. The book looks at two main texts, Crossing the River by Caryl Phillips and Praisesong for the Widow by Paule Marshall, using the books The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness by Paul Gilroy and Black Imagination and the Middle Passage, edited by Maria Diedrich as secondary sources. The paper concludes that the diaspora, a key event in black history, is fundamental to many authors in terms of providing a framework on which to discuss issues of importance to the black community, for example, history, memory, cultural identity, cultural heritage, heritage. As Gilroy argues in his book The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness, â€Å"The specificity of the modern political and cultural formation I want to call the Black Atlantic can be defined, on one level, through a desire to transcend both the structures of a nation state and the constraints of ethnicity and national particularity. These desires are relevant to understanding political organising and cultural criticism. They have always sat uneasily alongside the strategic choices forced on black movements and individuals embedded in the national and political cultures and nation-states in America, the Caribbean and Europe† (p.19). Thus, as Gilroy argues, because of the black diaspora, black academics and black writers and artists have travelled and worked within what he terms a trans-national framework that, itself, precludes anything but only a very superficial association of their country of origin. Thus, as Gilroy argues, black post-slavery literature can only be understood in the context of a diaspora, as it is created within the framework that was created by this diaspora. It is, as argues Gilroy, â€Å"a preoccupation with the striking doubleness that results from this unique position – in an expanded West but not completely of it – is a definitive characteristic of the intellectual history of the Black Atlantic† (p.58). Diedrich’s edited volume Black Imagination and the Middle Passage examines the very specific period covering the forced dispossession of the Middle Passage, and analyses the arts (music, literature, dance etc.) that were created, on the transatlantic journey and on the continents in which the slaves were kept, and in the home continent upon their return. The book aims to represent the cultural conscience of the diaspora, as represented not only in the arts but also in myth and history, as a way of analysing what the diaspora meant for this group of people who were forcefully removed from their culture, and then had to live adrift from their culture. Many of the contributions in Diedrich argues, similarly to Gilroy, that the diapsora was a key event in the development of black literature, defining, as it does, a framework for creativity, through analyses of violence, of culture, of trans-national thinking and working. This idea is, again, highlighted in many other literary crit icisms[1]. Caryl Phillips book Crossing the River takes marginalisation and racism as central themes, using his central characters, Martha and Joyce, to explore these issues: Martha is a black woman dealing with racism in North America before and after slavery’s abolition, and Joyce, the white woman who is marginalised following her falling in love with a black man (Martha’s brother, Travis). We see, in the novel, how Martha was sold by her father, Nash, along with her two brothers, Nash and Travis, in to slavery, how Martha is separated from her children, separating her family, as occurred with many other hundreds of thousands of black families, and the novel deals a great deal, from this point on, with memory – her memory of her family, her memory of her loss, her memory of her culture that she has left behind. She grieves not only for these losses, but also for her own loss of dignity, through her placement in to slavery, and for her need to live alone, following aboliti on, no longer physically enslaved, bur emotionally enslaved by her losses and by the fragmented community in which she, and all freed slaves were forced to live. Her story does not end there, and we see the hurt and terrible conditions in which she was forced to live, post-slavery, through Phillips’ descriptions of her surroundings, and the murder of her new partner, Chester. Phillips uses several postmodern techniques to highlight all of the disjointed emotions that Martha feels, such as switching backwards and forwards across time in order to highlight how Martha reacts and feels about events, or the use of many voices in the novel (Martha, Joyce, Nash and others) in order to reiterate the fact that the novel is concerned with many people’s history – indeed, a whole generation’s history, of those people of a certain race who were forced in to slavery, and who, then, were forced in to submission for many years in a racist North American society. The James Hamilton character, the slave trader, is used by Phillips to introduce the ‘dirty’ side of slavery; with his orders for disposal of slaves (i.e., murder of slaves) and his colonial presence. Phillips’ deconstruction of Hamilton’s character, through movements across time, is a way for Phillips to explore history, as he sees it, as a re-definable present, no t an uninterpretable, unchangeable, past. Thus, Phillips’ novel Crossing the River looks at issues of slavery, racism, marginalisation using several main characters, all of whom are intertwined and all of whom are bound together by the main focus of the novel – slavery. Slavery is the theme which binds the book together, allowing Phillips to discuss issues such as cultural transpositions and the ‘diaspora’. Phillips does not, however, simply recount historical accounts of the lives of his main characters, the characters come alive through his particular sort of storytelling, which is argued by many to have an African slant i.e., it has a circular quality that is present in many African cultures in which storytelling is strong. Phillips also leaves as much untold as he tells, whilst giving historical facts surrounding the characters lives, allowing the reader to fill in the gaps and build their own version of the diasporan framework. For example, Nash’s freedom and journey to Liberia as a mis sionary poses many questions for Nash, leaving him, as it does in Africa, but in a foreign land, sometimes feeling more American than African, although as Nash points out, that is ridiculous, he is not American, any more than he is Liberian. This leaves the reader pondering ideas of culture and roots and what effects the diaspora had on the many hundreds of thousands of slaves who were displaced from their homes and forced to work, and then live freely, in a strange country, something which is reinforced, as we have seen by the character of Martha who, as we have seen, feels more for the loss of her daughter to slavery than she does for the loss of her freedom and her displacement. Thus, Phillips succeeds in showing the very human face of slavery, in terms of personal losses, not just the ‘wider’ academic picture of slavery as an exercise in intellectualising the diaspora in terms of its cultural conscience. Paule Marshall’s fiction has been described by Denniston (1995) as â€Å"an imaginative reconstruction of African history and culture, which connects all people of African descent†. Her book Praisesong for the Widow, captures African cultural patterns in contrast with North American materialism, and, as Denniston (1995) argues, through this, Marshall â€Å"reclaims African culture for black diasporan peoples†. As such, this type of fiction is not just African or black – it captures the dynamics of human struggle and so is universal. Many black commentators have denigrated this interpretation of this type of fiction, arguing that these arguments are little more than veiled racism, intended to belittle the worth of the intellectual exercise, i.e., the understanding of African history in terms of the diaspora, by reducing the arguments in these novels to universal arguments about reactions to oppression, not, as they are intended to be, arguments about black responses to the diaspora. Marshall’s novel Praisesong for the Widow also, similarly to Caryl Phillips in his Crossing the River, discusses the role of memory in the lives of the characters in the book, describing how Avey sees her body as nothing more than a repository of memory, in which physical sensations are nothing more than a way of recording emotional feelings; through this realisation, Avey comes to terms with her displacement from her natural society, and comes to accept her heritage. Through Avey’s slow realisation of her body as a respository for memory, Marshall echoes the disconnection of herself from her native culture, and thus from herself as a woman born in the Caribbean but sold to slavery in North America. Marshall uses Avey’s physical discomforts, which are described in graphic detail in the novel, to echo her disconnection from her culture, her heritage, and her subsequent journey to well-being is representative, for Marshall, of her restoration of her sense of cultur al inheritance. In addition to Marshall’s use of Avey’s body as a metaphor for displacement and representations of heritage and disposition, in terms of the slave’s body being enslaved, but their mind being free to wander, to develop, to grow, Avey’s physical journeys also somewhat recreate the journey’s her people took as slaves as a way for Marshall to explore the cultural disinheritance of the African people’s through the African diaspora[2] and the slaves’ reconnection with their heritages following their freedom. Avey’s memories are representative of African slaves memories, therefore – they were the only free part of them under the regime of slavery, and, for some slaves, whose histories were suppressed and sanitised, their only history was the one that their memory provided. As with Martha in Phillips’ novel, memory was, however, often too painful, for example, the memory of her lost daughter, with these ‘personalâ₠¬â„¢ memories being far more painful than memories of lost culture or memories of ‘home’. Avey’s constant opposition to recognising her heritage allows Marshall to explore the difficulties faced by ex-slaves when thinking about returning home, or settling in a foreign land under adverse, racist, circumstances. Avey cannot face the idea of acknowledging her heritage, as she is, as she sees it, happy as she is, without knowledge of what happened to her ancestors. Avey has constructed a life for herself based on an omission of her heritage, as a way of coping with the enormity of what happened to her family, her ancestors; her excessive consumption has blinded her to her heritage. Marshall thus seems to be suggesting, then, that the American way of life, of materialism and of consumerism, has a dulling effect, of smoothing cultural differences, and, indeed, the ‘American’ way is all-pervasive, a base laziness which calls to people’s sloth-like si des, and, through this, infiltrates every society in which it comes in to contact. As we have seen, therefore, the work of Phillips and Marshall both deal with the idea of slavery, of the diaspora, of the marginalisation felt by freed slaves in a foreign country, of ideas of cultural heritage. Both books, both examples of post-slavery literature, therefore, deal specifically with the issue of the diaspora, and what effects this had, and has, on the lives of slaves, and freed slaves, and the descendents of slaves. Phillips is, however, somewhat more concerned with the effect of loss on the lives of freed slaves than Marshall, who embodies his ideas within a character who is somewhat immune, for most of the book, to emotions. In terms, therefore, of the senses in which post-slavery literature is structured by the idea of a diaspora, as we have seen, for many authors who are concerned with this issue, through their heritage or for whatever other reason, their literature is framed by the idea of the diaspora: this is the central framework from which all other ideas con nected to this hang. The diaspora acts as a backdrop, if you like, against which all other ideas connected to this (for example, heritage, cultural identity etc.) are understood. It is the understanding of all of these other concepts (for example, heritage, cultural identity etc.) which gives thrust to the work of such authors, and through a search for an understanding of these ideas, it is hoped that the diaspora will be understood, can be come to terms with; much as Avey’s illness is characteristic of an emotional need to know of her heritage, the diaspora is, for many authors and black academics, the tool that is used to gain understanding in to black history, both in countries of origin, and in the countries in which slaves were taken, post-slavery. In terms of the senses in which post-slavery literature is structured by the idea of a diaspora, as we have seen, as Gilroy argues, black post-slavery literature can only be understood in the context of a diaspora, as it is created within the framework that was created by this diaspora. It is, as argues Gilroy, â€Å"a preoccupation with the striking doubleness that results from this unique position – in an expanded West but not completely of it – is a definitive characteristic of the intellectual history of the Black Atlantic† (p.58). Thus, for Gilroy, the diaspora is essential, fundamental, to an understanding of black history. As we have seen, Diedrich’s edited volume Black Imagination and the Middle Passage concludes, similarly to Gilroy, that the diaspora was a key event in the development of black literature, defining, as it does, a framework for creativity, through analyses of violence, of culture, of trans-national thinking and working. Thus, the diaspora, a key event in black history, is fundamental to many authors in terms of providing a framework on which to discuss issues of importance to the black community, for example, history, memory, cultural identity, cultural heritage, heritage. As we have seen in this paper, these issues provide literary fuel for many authors, and critics, and two of the most representative novels in terms of these issues, Crossing the River by Caryl Phillips and Praisesong for the Widow by Paule Marshall, have been analysed and used to illustrate how black authors use the diaspora in this way, i.e., to discuss issues of importance to the black community, for example, history, memory, cultural identity, cultural heritage, heritage. For many authors, writing about these issues is a way of dealing with these issues for themselves personally and, as such, such books provide solace for many blacks who live with the diaspora, and its effects, as part of their history. References Denniston, D.H., 1995. The fiction of Paule Marshall: reconstructions of history, culture and gender. University of Tennessee Press. Diedrich, M. (ed.)., 1999. Black Imagination and the Middle Passage. Oxford University Press. Gilroy, P., 1993. The Black Atlantic: modernity and double consciousness. Verso Books. Marshall, P., 1983. Praisesong for the Widow. Putnam Press. Phillips, C., 2006. Crossing the River. Penguin Paperbacks. Rogers, S., 2000. Embodying cultural memory in Paule Marshall’s Praisesong for the Widow. African American Review Spring 2000. Footnotes [1] See, for example, Writings on Black Women of the Diaspora: History, Language and Identity, by Bracks; The African Imagination: Literature in African and the Black Diaspora by F.Abiola Irele, and Brent Hayes Edwards’ The Practice of Diaspora: Literature, Translation and the Rise of Black Internationalism. [2] See Rogers (2000) for further exploration of this concept.

American Government Essay :: essays research papers

John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau both have similar views on man's nature, authority and freedom. Those views are that all men are essentially equal and that each individual has the right to life, liberty, and property. They believe that these rights are given by God, and thus natural. They also believe that reason is a God-given and religious liberty, and right to freedom of speech. The differences are that Locke believed that when people gave up their rights they gave up there freedom to be safe. Rousseau believed that when people gave up their rights to the government they weren't giving up freedom, just exchanging it for security. Rousseau is more on the liberal side of the spectrum while Locke is on the conservative side. The basic differences between conservative and liberal are many. Liberals are more innovative and open to reform as opposing the conservatives being more set in their ways and to doing things in tradition. Liberals are more optimistic and are more supportive towards socialistic ideas. Conservatives are pessimistic and are more supportive of the individualistic ideas. A major political issue is welfare. The Conservatives feel the people should make money on there own and without the help of the people Locke would fall more into this category as opposed to Rousseau who would be more supportive of welfare because he is one that says if it helps the individual then it will help us all. Gun control is another major current event that has two strong views. The liberal view being that guns should be off the streets and locked up and out of the hands of everyday people. Rousseau would fall more under the liberal views like above because he is supportive of the protection of the people. The conservative view point on gun control is that every person has the right to own a gun and I would consider myself more of a liberal for instance in the situation of abortion I am pro-choice as a opposed to the conservative that views more towards pro-life.

Equality: The Destination Yet To Be Reached :: essays research papers

He had a dream. Does anything else come to mind when you mention the one and only Martin Luther King Jr.? For most people, probably not. The truth is, King was recognized primarily for his dream. And why not? It was a good dream, one that promoted peace and equality. It was the dream that was thought to have united the black and white communities, the dream that made America aware of a problem, and the dream that ultimately led to his demise. Let me ask you a question: Would King be happy to see how far his dream has come? Don’t answer so quickly. Instead, let us ponder†¦ Today, there is coracial education. African Americans are in every U.S. school; it’s not uncommon. Blacks and whites can dine together at neighboring tables at any restaurant. Anyone to utter the word â€Å"nigger† is most definitely punished in the harshest form. Caucasians are not considered to be better than their darker friends in any way, shape, or form. Of the ignorant bigoted percentage of the population, whites consider blacks every bit as strong and honorable as themselves. Our schools even hold assemblies to reprimand racism, targeting these horribly self-emulating whites. For the most part, blacks have surpassed the label of â€Å"lower class,† or â€Å"uneducated,† or â€Å" secondary citizens.† For the most part, African Americans have overcome. But have they surpassed and overcame even equality itself? Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. fought for equality goes both ways. Just as it is unthinkable to place a white person above a black person, it should be unthinkable to place a black above a white. Perhaps it is the white community’s guilt or regret for years of oppression that accounts for this, but there is a growing amount of reversed racism in our country today. There are more cases where blacks are being treated differently, being treated special, simply because they are a few shades darker. White children have less oppertunities as a result of this. This is discrimination based on skin color. Is this not racism? The very racism King fought against? If we are all to be treated equally, as stated by our own government, then why is our government promoting the defiance of this very law? Colleges all across our country are responsible for practicing reversed racism. Because of their desire to accept students within a minority, they are in fact excluding many more qualified white students from their education services. Equality: The Destination Yet To Be Reached :: essays research papers He had a dream. Does anything else come to mind when you mention the one and only Martin Luther King Jr.? For most people, probably not. The truth is, King was recognized primarily for his dream. And why not? It was a good dream, one that promoted peace and equality. It was the dream that was thought to have united the black and white communities, the dream that made America aware of a problem, and the dream that ultimately led to his demise. Let me ask you a question: Would King be happy to see how far his dream has come? Don’t answer so quickly. Instead, let us ponder†¦ Today, there is coracial education. African Americans are in every U.S. school; it’s not uncommon. Blacks and whites can dine together at neighboring tables at any restaurant. Anyone to utter the word â€Å"nigger† is most definitely punished in the harshest form. Caucasians are not considered to be better than their darker friends in any way, shape, or form. Of the ignorant bigoted percentage of the population, whites consider blacks every bit as strong and honorable as themselves. Our schools even hold assemblies to reprimand racism, targeting these horribly self-emulating whites. For the most part, blacks have surpassed the label of â€Å"lower class,† or â€Å"uneducated,† or â€Å" secondary citizens.† For the most part, African Americans have overcome. But have they surpassed and overcame even equality itself? Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. fought for equality goes both ways. Just as it is unthinkable to place a white person above a black person, it should be unthinkable to place a black above a white. Perhaps it is the white community’s guilt or regret for years of oppression that accounts for this, but there is a growing amount of reversed racism in our country today. There are more cases where blacks are being treated differently, being treated special, simply because they are a few shades darker. White children have less oppertunities as a result of this. This is discrimination based on skin color. Is this not racism? The very racism King fought against? If we are all to be treated equally, as stated by our own government, then why is our government promoting the defiance of this very law? Colleges all across our country are responsible for practicing reversed racism. Because of their desire to accept students within a minority, they are in fact excluding many more qualified white students from their education services.

21st Century man is no more knowledgeable than his 19th Century predecessor: he simply thinks he is

To answer this question entirely and accurately it is necessary to define quite what we mean by knowledge. Knowledge is the state or fact of knowing; the familiarity, understanding or awareness gained through experience or study; the sum or range of what has been perceived, studied or learned; learning, erudition: teachers of great knowledge or specific information about someone. This question needs to be answered before we can say whether a layman has become more knowledgeable since the 19th century or not. I will focus on the first definition that states, â€Å"Knowledge is the state or fact of knowing. † A man's knowledge consists of facts and we cannot say whether these so-called facts are true because if somebody tells us something we merely take it for granted that it is the truth. We can mainly tell what the macroscopic properties of something are i. . if someone confronted us with a red baseball bat we would be able to see that it was red and metallic looking and nobody would be able to disprove these facts. If we looked at the baseball bat closer though, going into the realms of science and the theories surrounding it and somebody said that the rod was steel and the atomic structure of steel was such and such and the properties of it were such and such we wouldn't be able to see these things in reality. What we are taught in schools and elsewhere is basically the thoughts of other supposedly clever men and women and we cannot that they are true – to be very honest we cannot prove that anything is true not even that the world we live in is real and that we actually exist as people. An instance of everyone believing the words of some supposedly clever men is when before the time of Galileo (who proved this to be utter rubbish) it was widely believed that the world was flat and anyone who disagreed with this was joshed and laughed at, as everyone knew that the fact was that the earth was flat. This leads to my belief that in years to come things that we take for granted such as that we have landed on the moon will be proved to be complete rubbish and an immense cover-up by an embarrassed nation who could give its people what they wanted and so had to trick them into believing about space flight. From this we discover that knowledge is purely subjective and could not be any other way. Our knowledge of science or at least our layman's grasp of it is in fact a jumble of half-remembered â€Å"facts† which we regurgitate when necessary. My view at the moment would be that a layman in the 21st century does know more a bout science than his predecessor in the 19th century. In the 19th century education was neither compulsory nor state-funded as it is today and so only the rich would have the benefit of a sound education and they could not be counted as lay. Even if they could be counted as lay though due to the fact that there has apparently been extremely large amounts of scientific discoveries made, such as that of electricity, between the 19th century and the present day. Other resources such as the media and the internet help to make information more widely available to us today and these certainly wouldn't have been available or even existed in the 19th century. Every bit of this contributes to our so-called knowledge making us a more knowledgeable human being. We at Winchester College are in a slightly different situation to the your Joe Public on the street but even we have no idea what Phenyl Cyclo Hexyl Hyperidine (otherwise known as PCP) actually is. Now we ask ourselves do the scientists who do these things actually know that they are true or are they merely making educated guesses about them. They don't; they merely speculate and that is the most that anyone can do. The fact that these scientists are always improving their theories suggests even more so that they are speculatory, as a fact cannot be changed in such a way by definition. The only thing that can be said to be a fact upon this apparently realistic earth, actually a simulation, is the Ultimate fact – that God exists. Unfortunately this is only the Ultimate fact to those who believe in God so even this can be argued against. Humans, at least in my knowledge, has not evolved at all since the 19th century thus our brains have no more capacity for extra knowledge, merely that we have extra information crammed into our head due to the fact that information is more readily available to us, rather than actually having more knowledge than we did in the 19th century. We could thus be called more knowledgeable but we don't even know whether this so-called information is actually true or not.